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Description

POPRULE explains the criteria by which the NAPP variable POPLOC linked the person to a probable father.

NAPP establishes child-father links according to four basic rules, and POPRULE gives the number of the rule that applied to the link in question.

POPRULE works the same way for all countries. A lower-numbered rule (greater than 0) takes precedence over a higher numbered rule. The codes for POPRULE are as follows:

0 = No father of this person present in the household.

1 = Unambiguous relationship. This rule covers four basic cases, and occurs when the person linked is 10 to 69 years younger than the probable parent. All relationship pairings are not available in every sample. The allowable relationship pairings are as follows:

2 = Grandchildren. Potential fathers are males listed as child or child-in- law in RELATE 13-79 years older than persons listed as grandchildren and who share the grandchild's surname. If there is more than one potential father, we used relative positions in the household, age and marital status to decide the link.

3 = Other relatives and nonrelatives. Link to a preceding person with a plausible relationship pairing of child-to-father, where the father is 13-79 years older, is ever-married, and shares the child's surname. The father must immediately precede the child or all intervening persons must also be linked to the father as spouse or child. Permissible relationship pairings are as follows (child to father):

7 = If a child is linked to a mother (see MOMLOC and MOMRULE), and that mother is linked to a husband who has not been linked to the child by another rule, the husband is linked to the child as a stepfather, regardless of the age gap between child and husband.

Consistency checks: If a husband and wife were both linked to the same father, NAPP chose the best father link based on detailed relationship (RELATE) and proximity within the household. If a person is linked to two parents who are not linked to each other, remove one of the parental links on the basis of proximity within the household.

Comparability

This variable is comparable for all countries, but see the Family Interrelationships page for discussion of these NAPP constructed variables.

The distribution of codes and the quality of the links varies across samples due to the nature of the underlying data. In some instances customization of the linking rules was necessary because of category differences in RELATE (relationship to the head of household) and other enumeration practices that affected the data.

Father-child pairs are required to share the same surname, except when making unambiguous (rule 1) links. This requirement is also dropped in the Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, where SURSIM does not capture family relationships (e.g. patronymic surnames in Iceland and Norway and non-reporting of child surnames in Sweden).

Canada
No constructed family interrelationship variables are available for the 1852, 1871, and 1881 Canadian censuses, as Canada did not enumerate relationship to household head in these years. However, information about family interrelationship can be deduced from RELATE in the 1891 and 1901 censuses. Future releases of NAPP will include imputed versions of these variables, similar to the IMPMOM, IMPPOP, and IMPSP in IPUMS-USA.

Family interrelationship variables are available in both the 1801 and 1901 samples. The 1901 census enumerated both the de jure and de facto populations.

Norway
Sample-specific rules were implemented for pointer construction in the Norwegian samples of 1865, 1875, and 1900 to address differences in the enumeration of relationship to the head of household (RELATE). In particular, people who ate separately but resided in the same structure are likely to have been recorded as living in separate households, while not being designated as a household head (see RELATE for additional details.) Most commonly the first person in the household received no relationship code (coded as 9999, or missing) or was reported to be a boarder or lodger. Often they were immediately followed by an opposite-sex individual with the relationship "spouse of head" or by a "child". Links between children and the first person in these households were allowed if the potential father directly precedes the child or if all intervening persons are also linked to the first person as spouse or child.

In addition, the relationship enumerated in the 1801, 1865, and 1875 Norwegian samples often appeared to be a family or subfamily relationship, rather than relationship to the householder. For instance, a grandchild would be enumerated as a child, meaning they are the child of the person who directly precedes them in the household. In households where it was possible to construct pointers, POPLOC is constructed only for children adjacent to the household head or his spouse, and for links between a head and parent or a spouse and parent-in-law. We hope to improve on these linkages in a future release.

The Norwegian censuses of 1875 and 1900 enumerated both de jure and de facto residents (see RESIDENT) A person temporarily away from home on census day would be enumerated in two households. The pointers link individuals only at their usual residence; an individual temporarily present in a household on census day is not linked to other members of that household.

United States
Family interrelationship variables could not be constructed using the NAPP algorithm for the U.S. censuses of 1850-1870 because RELATE information was not collected, but the IPUMS variable IMPMOM (the imputed location of mother) produces similar results. The rules for constructing pointers in these samples are available in the unharmonized source variables.

Universe

Availability

• Canada: 1891, 1901
• Great Britain: 1851, 1881, 1881
• Iceland: 1801, 1901
• Norway: 1801, 1865, 1875, 1900
• Sweden: 1900
• United States: 1880, 1880, 1900, 1910